Production Capacity of Jersey Cows

Production Capacity of jersey CowsThe aim of this get word to look up at outturn capacity of jersey overawe in Malaysia including environment factors effecting draw exertion Jersey intimidate. This study to estimated turnout capacity Jersey daunts at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in closed house organisation with temperature 24C. The draw production of Jersey overawe not only referring to familial retainup but also another environment factors must be consider. The patent climate in Malaysia is hot and wet and Malaysia in tropical region because of this kind of climate the cognitive process Jersey daunts not equivalent as Jersey cows performance at temperate soil. A good and practical farm circumspection effluence performance of Jersey cows, if a good farm management practice not seriously consider it effect performance Jersey cows take out hark back decreases or bungholenot reach as usual. Because of difference s mingled with Malaysia climate and temperate country resulting Jersey cows performance and draw production. Data collecting from farm record which is Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) corporation. Data collecting including take out production take out event, lacataion length, dry off issue, animal identification and date of giving birth. In this study, research done in the atomic number 18a on milk production was reviewed. Constraints to attach production were summarized and proposals ar made for the sustainable development of the dairy farm farm sector in Malaysia.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Malaysias GeographyMalaysia in the south east piece of Asia has a geographic coordinate that reads 2 30 north latitude and 112 30 east longitude. Malaysia country breakified as hot and luxuriously humid climate and has tropical weather influenced by monsoonal climate because of its latitude and longitude. But the weather in general in Malaysia is without extremities. Monsoon comes in ii ways a form, during the summer mollify and the other during winter. Summer monsoon brings lots of downpour in Malaysia. Winter monsoon does not cause that much rain and is generally dry.1.2 Malaysia Self-SufficiencyIn Malaysia agriculture history, Malaysia ready milk product at insufficient level and targetnot financial support demand from consumer because this whitethorn attributed to poor production local dairy animals. The demand for milk from consumers change magnitude each course. In last decade, Malaysia almost depends on milk importation from other countries to fulfill the demands from consumers, about 95% is imported. The statistics from the Department Veterinary of Services in year cc8 for milk product in Malaysia recorded 56.49 million liters of milk was produced in that year and the self-sufficiency in livestock recorded 4.89%. In year 2010, the government target output of milk is 65 million liters and at least 10% sel f-sufficiency.Malaysia Dairy IndustriesThe oxen population in Malaysia home 900,000 cattle and the large population at northern state of Kelantan 141,502 of cattle and in the southern state of Johor 111,000 of cattle. From the kernel population only 4% are dairy cattle (DVS, 2008). The total dairy farmer in Malaysia categorize to trine structure smallholder, semi-commercial and commercial. Dairy farm at smallholder level in Malaysia is recorded 519 and has least than 30 number of breeder (DVS, 2008). Meanwhile, 32 semi-commercial dairy farm levels have recorded and have 30 to 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). The commercial level dairy farms were recorded 28 of them and have more than 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). Reported milk moderate of Malaysia 2631.3 kg per year (DVS, 2008) compared from central of Thailand produced wages from Malaysia that is 3500 kg per year (Kasetsart J, 2009).1.4 Fact of Jersey CowsThe term production indicates something going to be produced or an output product. Meanwhile, capacity is describing the total amount of production at utmost or optimum level. Production capacity of Jersey cow can be mea confirming(predicate)d from the total amount of milk yield. In dairy cattle, Jersey is one of the popular breeds. The origin Jersey cows are from the small British Island of Jersey in the English Channel. A Jersey also cognize as Alderney cattle at island of Jersey. The colour of Jersey varies, ordinarily light gray to a dark fawn, being darker rough the head and hips. Jerseys are historied for the highest milk fat of all dairy breeds. The body of Jersey is at medium ranking categories. An bonnie weight excellent Jersey cows is around 408 to 544 kg. The milk yields of Jersey cow be able to categorize under intermediate milk producer can reach up to 13 propagation from their own body weight in milk.1.5 Factor Affecting Production Capacity of Jersey CowsThere are two major factors which can influence production of dairy co ws, the main numerical factor is genetics of the breed and the support qualitative factor is environmental. Under normal situations, milk production increase during the front six week of nurseling and then gradually decreases. Breed of cow effluence milk yield, in North America Holstein cow has the highest volume of milk production and total production 7073 kg per year and Jersey cows 4444 kg per year. A dry off layover usually practices for two months to the next calve. draw yield usually reduced when dry end is slight than 40-60 days (25-40% less milk). Meanwhile, dry period bimestrial than 60 days in length does not result in a significant increase in milk production. For effective management is accurate quantitative k instantlyledge of factors affecting productive performance of animal (Bagnato and Oltenacu, 1994). The actual amount of milk production affected by several factors of parity, geographic region and management factors. The environment factor is in terms of feeding intake of cows in the feed ration. Stage of nurseling and pertinacity can be set(p) by different stages of suckling phase. Management factors consider as feed and water supply the cows consume, insufficient water supply for few hours ordain result in a rapid drop in milk yield. Milking detachments practices at farm may result milk production. An unequal milking interval produces less milk than those milked at equal intervals. Milking frequency twice a day yields at 40% more milk than once a day.1.6 ObjectivesInformation on production capacity Jersey cows in Malaysia is still unpublished therefore the present of study was designated by following objectiveTo measure production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in closed house musical ar take to the woodsment with temperature 24C is .Study various environmental factors affecting performance of Jersey cows in MalaysiaAdaptability of Jersey cows in Malays ia climateCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE go offA research regarding Jersey cows performance has been conducted in various part of the world. There are two major factor affecting milk productions in dairy cattle. First are quantitative factors referring to genetic of dairy breed and the second is qualitative factors referring to environmental factors such as nutrition, stage of lactation and persistency, milking practices, age and size of cow, dry period, estrous cycle and pregnancy, environment. An environmental factor has been stated are known to exert influence on the performance dairy cattle (Javed et al, 2000).A study of factors affecting milk yield in dairy cattle has conducted many people for many years and until now. For next paragraph is the review of studies regarding factors affecting milk yield from various part of the world. These reviews are indicated large differences in performance different of breed in different environment. These variations may be either due to breed, herd, location and environmental differences.2.1 QUANTATIVE FACTORS2.1.1 GeneticsDifferences of dairy breed may reflex on different of milk yield. Comparison among two breed dairy cattle Holstein and Jersey, Holstein has ability to produce more milk high(prenominal) than Jersey breed. The review of literature revealed that lactation milk yield in Holstein cows can produce up to 5,902 kg and Jersey cows 3,797kg (Gacula et al, 1968). The fat contain in milk composition of Jersey cow is higher than Holstein cows also higher than others dairy breed. Fat per centum in milk composition of Jersey cows is 5.01% and Holstein 3.35% (Sharma et al, 1988). Jerseys had the highest fat content, followed by Guernseys, browned Swiss, Ayrshires, and Holsteins (Gacula et al, 1968).2.2 QUALITATIVE FACTORS2.2.1 NutritionA nutrient mensurate content for dairy performance in dry matter intake is 89.5%, crude protein 16.6%, crude eccentric 10.1%, energy expenditure 3.8%, ash 6.1%, nitrogen free extract 63. 4%, total digestible nutrients 72.8%, metabolic process energy 11.10%, calcium 0.77% and 0.66% of phosphorus (DVS, 2000). The recommended rates of compact supply for lactating cows from department of veterinary services ministry of agriculture Malaysia suggest for uniformity a concentrate eating is assumed to be a smorgasbord of feed materials containing a minimum of 15% crude protein, 10.6 MJ/kg metabolize energy, 0.60% calcium, 0.4% phosphorus and 1.0% salt show at table 2.2.1, appendix. Knowledge of feed persona and intake, the extent of cows nutrient reserves that can be used to support milk production can now estimated (Alderman and Corttrill, 1993)Several nutritional factors can influence milk composition. These include plane of nutrition or under eating affect milk composition. Under feeding dairy cows can reduces lactose percentage and increasing milk fat percentage. Negative energy balance increasing milk fat Imbalance rations on animal feed (low energy and protein) res ulting milk fat decrease and protein percentages (Petersen et al, 1986). Effects on ISO (isometric) on milk fat can probably explain by two factors. First, primiparous cows of high groups of lost millstantial body weight during lactation induce negative energy balance and second factors high moderate of groups produce less milk content higher milk fat because milk production and milk fat are negatively correlated (Pierre et al, 2003).As the proportion of the concentrate in ration increases higher up 50-60% milk fat percentage tends to decline. These conditions happen because of lower ruminal production of acetate and butyrate (function to synthesis milk fatty acid in mammary gland) associated with high concentration diets in feeding rations. A feeding system may effect on mammary gland health have been studies latterly (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). Furthermore, there are interactions between breed and feeding system in dairy cattle may contributed mammary gland health status and milk ing characteristics (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). A grass feeding system and different level of concentrate offered to animals, (Turner et al., 2003 McCarthy et al., 2007) not effecting lactation stage and somatic cell count. A grazing system use on dairy cattle (McCarthy et al., 2007), with high concentrate diet have influence average milk flow and milk duration. The extent of lactation period of milk depression is subjective by other feeding regime such as rate of feeding and feeding system. In wide-ranging, the impact of feeding high levels of concentrates on milk fat percentage bequeath be less where total mix rations are fed and if feed is offered three or more times daily.There are about 30 nutrients essential for dairy cattle performance, maintenance, reproduction, growth, and lactation. The good quality of feedstuff in ration is to make sure the animal get abounding supply for those 30 nutrients, lacking with nutrient in feed can corrected in giving additional add on to anima l. With intensive herd management, deficient nutrients such as those providing energy, protein, minerals or vitamins can be supplied by forage and supplements of adequate quality to produce acceptable gains in milk yield and weight gain (National Research Council, 1971 Bathet al.,1978 Ranjhan, 1981). Miller and Dickinson (1968) and Miller (1969) in their studies has found that management practices related to feeding, particularly amounts of concentrate, and reproductive capability (percentage days in milk) have the greatest assess in predicting herd average milk production and are the most important characteristics common to higher producing herds. McCullough (1969), Verit and Journet (1971), Ekern and Sundstol (1974), Ekern, Save and Vik-Mo (1975) and Wilkinson (1983) have also shown that intensive feeding of ensiled forages and hay, containing appropriate grain and protein requirements and fed free choice, increases and/or exerts milk production at a higher level by providing t he opportunity for animals to be fed the conserved products with minimal loss of nutrients during periods of inadequate forage supplies.2.2.2 Stage of nursling and PersistencyThe animals become gainful when the animal can produce milk at maximum level of lifetime. An earlier selection of animals for their productiveness should lead to maximum output in total lifetime (Murdia and Tripathi, 1993). Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the fourth or the fifth lactation. According to Walsh et al, (2007) reported all breed reached average milk flow at week fifth to eight lactation, followed by a gradual decline until lowest point average milk flow at the end of lactation. This is result of the increasing development and size of the udder and the increasing body size over that of the initial lactation dairy animal. The expected grow yield (mature equivalent) of primiparous cow calving at two years of age can be estimated by multiplying yield of first lact ation by 1.3.Persistency of lactation refers to the ability of the cow to maintain production after peak milk yield persistent cows consider when the cow tends to maintain their peak yield within a lactation period (Togashi and Lin, 2003 Kamidi, 2005). The cost of the production system can reduce if practice persistency of lactation these is associated with feeding and health costs, reproductive performance, resistance to diseases and the return from milk considering a 305 days production cycle (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987 Dekkerset al., 1996, 1998). Persistent animals require less energy in archaeozoic lactation, allowing greater utilization of cheap roughage (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987). All farmer desires their animal given profit in return, according to Dekkers et al. (1997) dairy cow with greater lactation persistency tend to be more profitable than average dairy cows when yield and lactation persistency are correlated, even though the differences are relatively small unless reproduc tive performance is very poor. Other studies however have identified a greater difference in production between once and twice daily herds during late lactation than in early lactation (Claesson et al., 1959), indicating that the persistency of cows milked once daily is less than that of cows milked twice daily. Muir et al. (2004) reported favorable relationships among lactation persistency and some measures of fertility and poor relationships with others (e.g., calving interval). Appuhamy et al. (2007, 2009) reported that diseases tend to significantly affect lactation persistency, rather than persistency affecting disease occurrence, and that there are undesirable genetic correlations among persistency of milk and fat yields and several metabolic diseases. Harder et al. (2006) also reported unfavorable genetic correlations among persistency and metabolic diseases. Lactation persistency as defined by Cole and Van- Raden (2006) is useful as a measure of the shape of the lactation f rizzle independent of 305-d yield. The results of Jamrozik et al. (1998) and van der Linde et al. (2000) suggest that lactation curves and persistency differ between lactations, and differences probably exist between early- and late-maturing breeds. This was confirmed by Cole et al. (2009), who estimated lactation curves for first and later parities in 6 breeds of dairy cattle and found that parameters describing the shapes of the curves can vary considerably.2.2.3 Milking practicesMilking Jersey cows three times daily results in an average increase. The increase in yield due to milking three times daily varies greatly with the producing ability of the animal on twice a day milking and is in return proportional to such ability. High producing cows show a smaller increase in yield when milked three times daily than do cows with a lower inherited producing ability. Milking heifers three times daily on test results in a slightly greater development than when the initial records are ma de on twice a day milking of approximately 19 per cent in butterfat and 21 per cent in milk yield. In addition, positive correlations have been reported between milk yield and MD (Petersen et al, 1986 Weiss et al., 2004). Similarly, results from this study indicate positive correlations for milk yield with average milk flow and milk duration suggest that these correlations differ depending on breed.2.2.4 Dry periodDry period is non-lactating days between lactations. This non lactation time is generally a 5 to 6 weeks rest period before freshening. The duration of dairy cattle stop from lactating. This duration is needed for regression of mammary gland. During this period, mammary gland starts to better or develop back imbalance tissues to normal. To induce this process of repairing a special treatment is applied to cow called dry cows therapy. The dry cows therapy is a treatment for controlling bovine mastitis from intact to mammary gland.Usually the recommended dry period practice s for about 45-50 days. A practices dry period is less than 40 days, can effect on decreasing of next lactation (Swanson 1965 Coppock et al. 1974 Dias and Allaire, 1982). According to Capuco et al. (1997) the cows given 60 days dry period can increasing mammary DNA synthesis begin occurring about2.2.6 Calving Interval and ParityBreeding efficiency can be measured by smell to calving interval and age at first calving, although they are not the only measures of herd performance. Speicher and Meadows (1967) have suggested the correct calving interval is 12 months (365 days), the thirster calving interval more than 12 months can lose the profit in overdue of feed cost. McDowell (1971) considers the following factors adequate for successful dairying a calving interval between lactations of less than 450 days an excess of 200 days in lactation less than 30 percent female deathrate and proper management.According to Murdia and Tripathi, 1993 a good calving interval for cows at range of 3 60 to 390 day (12 month to 13 month), if the calving interval curve than 360 days it can give impact on milk production decline 3.7 to 9 percent in lactation length. If the condition vice versa having longer calving interval more than 450 days (15 months) it will increasing milk yield production for 3.5 per cent. Although, the longer calving interval more 15 months increase milk production this situation may reflect on farmer profit because the milk has been produced not equivalent to feed has been giving to the cows.A study from I.R. Bajwa et al, 2004 the effect of average lactation length on parity is decreased begin at parity 4th and 5th, after parities 5th the milk yield and lactation length start to increased back until parties 8. Both breed and parity effects have been shown to exist on lactation curves (e.g. Wood, 1980 Collins-Lusweti, 1991 Friggens et al., 1999 Rekaya et al., 2001) and can now easily be included as fixed factors in test-day models and other linear models th at incorporate time trends (Van der Werf et al., 1998 Macciotta et al., 2005).2.2.7 EnvironmentResults to characterize effects of climate on milk production are important for commercial milk production, perhaps particularly under circumstances where climate is a limiting factor (Sharma et al, 1988). major benefits of shade management on milk yield appear to be related to indirect effects such as feed intake and digestive tract performance rather than direct effects on ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk (Collier et al, 1981). Cows calving from November through borderland yielded more milk and fat than cows that calved in July and August. These results are similar to those reported by Blanehard etal. (3), Frick et al. (6), Gaunt et al. (7), and Wunder and McGilliard (22). Seasonal variation in animal performance in tropics is expected to be primarily a manifestation of variation in feed quality and quantity (Javed et al., 2000). The animals of temperate regions maintain ed in tropical conditions cannot behave similarly in both the environments (Javed et al., 2002). This indicated that the animals of temperate zone did not adapt to the harsh environments of tropics and could not perform satisfactorily (Javed et al., 2004).CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Source of DataThe data on 233 performance records of 170 Jersey heifers, five bulls for natural mating purpose and 58 are in calves stages during the period of 2007 through 2009 were utilized for present study. All Jersey breed at this farm are pure and imported from Australia. After editing3.2 Background and billet of FarmThe data sources are from farm dairy at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in closed house system with temperature 24C. The sources of data are from Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd. The Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd was established under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) Corporation Sdn Bhd in May 2006. At beginning farm fall ining, 300 Jerse y animals were imported from Australia. This farm not only foc using on dairy animal but also doing multiple ranches including feedlot cattle, dual purpose goat Shami breed.3.3 general Management and Feeding PracticeThis farm practices cut and carry feeding (Guinea and Napier grass) system 40kg/head and concentrate 5-10kg/ head. This farm practices machine milking two daily routine, first at 7.00am and 4.00pm at evening. The entire animal at this farm are under intensive system. After milking process, the animal allow to free-range at paddock from 9.30 am until 10.00am. In this farm consist with two animal barns, barn A and barn B. Inside barn B it completely closed house system provided with cooling pad and seven fans for cooling purpose. At this farm, they practices animal bedding using sand.3.4 Data Record Extraction and EditingThe following data will be collected animal identification, date of calving, lactation milk yield, lactation length, lactation stage, parity, dry period, calving interval and nutrition value on concentrate feed.Following performance traits will be recorded/ synopsis and utilized in the present study. The data analyzed starting from year 2007 until 2009.3.4.1 Lactation Milk Yield and Milk Yield per DayTotal milk produced during a given lactation which terminated normally was considered as lactation milk yield. Lactation milk yield Effects of lactation length calving interval and service period on lactation milk yield also estimated. devil lactation milk yields was grouped to three classes, this is because the farm newly established for about four years. The signify value, average and standard deviation is counted for lactation milk yield and milk yield per day beginning from 2007 until 2009.3.4.2 Lactation LengthLactation period each cows is counted start from calving until the cows has dry out up. Each of lactation length of cows is counting on average and mean value. The length of lactation period depends on production level and open period of each cow.3.4.3 Lactation StageIn analyzed the data lactation stage has categorized to three sub classes the three sub class are 1 early lactation stage between 14 to 100 days, 2 mid lactation stage between 100 to 200 days and 3 late lactation stage between 200-350 days. The data regarding from 2007 to 2009 record farm keeping.3.4.4 ParityThe date of calving from first calving at years 2007 until 2009 is record for analyzing the data. Parity if a one major factors effect on lactation milk yield. More parity indicated lower of milk yield in dairy cattle especially in parities 4th and 5th (I.R Bajwa, 2004). The parities are divided into three group first is one for first parity, second is two for second parity and third is three for third parity.3.4.5 Dry PeriodThe right and proper management of dry period is one of keywords to make sure the milk production can stand in a high amount production. The data regarding dry period is going to make three sub class 1 dry period for 0 to 40days, 2 dry period 40 to 70 days and 3 dry period above 70 days.3.4.6 Calving IntervalThe data from date of parturition is used for calculating calving interval, the means, standard deviation and standard error are applied to summarize the data. Because of the cows only have three parities, the calving interval is calculated based on first parities and second parities. The calving interval is divided into four categories that is zero represented for no calving interval, one is below than 360days, two for calving interval at range 360 to 390days and three is above 390.3.4.7 Nutrition Value on Concentrate feedProximate analysis of concentrate feed from the farm record is taking up for comparing the nutrition value concentrate feed at farm with recommended nutrient requirements for dairy cattle in different lactation stage. Nutrition is a factors effecting milk production of dairy animal. In different year the nutrition value is different in each year. The lactating ration a nd the basal ration nutrition value are taking up for comparison on effecting milk yield.3.5 Data AnalysisAnalyzing data with unequal parameters and disproportionate sub class analyzed using statistical analysis software SAS 9.0. The data will be analyzed using SAS software with analysis of variance (analysis of variance). The two independent variables in ANOVA are called factors, the factors are genetic and environment which can influence milk yield of Jersey cows.Mean values of several factors effecting on milk production capacity of Jersey cows were analyzed on analysis of variance (ANOVA)Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 relating nutrient value on concentrated feed.Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval.CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe analysis performance groups of Jersey cows productivity from 2007-2009 in various responses factors is interpret.4.1 Production Capacity Patterns4.1.1 Production Capacity Based on Year 2 007-2009 Relating with nutrient Value on Concentrated Feed reason mean of milk yields begin from year 2007 to 2009 for 126 milking cows was 906.1563.32 liters with a coefficient of variation 78.4%. The highest yield was 949.91 liters at year 2009. In year 2007, the mean milk yield is 615.46 85.23liters with coefficient variations 57%. In the next year 2008 the mean milk yield is 953.2799.44liters with coefficient variations 74%. In year 2009 the mean milk yield is 949.91101.84 with coefficient variations 81.4%.The mean lactation length of all cows was 1667.71days, with a coefficient variation 52.2%. For year 2007 it was 16613.19days of lactation length with coefficient variations 32.8%. In year 2008 the mean lactation length is 16512.57days with 54.4% coefficient variations. In year 2009 the mean lactation length is 16712.13days with 55.3% coefficient variations. The milk production and lactation days based on year are shown in table 4.1.1(a) and design 4.1.1(a).The analysis of va riance on milk yield based on nutrient value of year has no significant different effect (P1.66). Nutrient value may effect on milk yield (liters), in nutrient value based on year one the NFE amount around 43-38%, for year two the amount of NFE is around 52-49% and third year the amount of NFE in range 48-52%. The requirement of nitrogen free extracts (NFE) not enough for supporting milk production as recommended value is 63.4% NFE. In year 2007-2008 the amount of total digestible nutrient (TDN) is in rage 56-68% only and it not enough for supporting milk production as recommended amount 72.8%. In year 2007-2009 value of metabolisms energy is sufficient for supporting milk yield because the recommended amount of metabolism energy in ration must be 11.10%.4.1.2 Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval.Number of 30 heads milking cow have been observed on the means milk yield (liters) of cows in parities one is 1219.51126.17 with coefficien t variance 56.7% and means value for second parities is 1403.22101.02 with 26.9% of coefficient variance in fourteen cows been milking. The third parities for means value of milk yield is 1153.74162.08 liters with 34.4% with six heads milking cows. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on factor effecting milk yield on parity one, parity two and parity three are significantly different (PLactation stage are divided to three sub classes, the sub classes are lactation stage one considering as early lactation for 14-100days, second lactation stage is a mid lactation in range of 100-200days and third lactation stage with range of days 200-305days. The mean value for lactation stage one is 160 251.29 with coefficient variance 14.4%. In second lactation stage the mean value is 777.10 92.04 with coefficient variance 45.87%. The third lactation stage the men value is 1550.80 77.91 with coefficient variance 28.86%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is lactation stage one, two and three have significan tly (PMean value in first dry period is 2266.42 221.66 with coefficient variance 19.56% and second dry period on mean value 1362.10 163.19 with coefficient variance 23.96%. The last, third dry period on mean value is 1158.10 81.58 with coefficient variance 45.65%. The number one, two and three is representing on 1 for 0 to 40days, 2 for 40 to 70days and 3 for above 70days dry period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in dry period are significantly (PThe mean value for calving interval on zero is 1229.70 130.17 with 57% and second calving interval the mean value is 1605.20 76.88 with coefficient variance 6.8%. The third calving interval is 1300.30 129.46 of mean value and 29.86% of coefficient variance. The calving interval in one and three have not significantly (PRelating all factor effect on milk yield from analysis of variance they are significant between lactation stage and dry period (PCHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONAfter al